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Volcanic landforms
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/volcanic-landforms/Each type of volcanic massif (structure) contains lavas, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions, but these differ in proportions and compositions.
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Magma
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/magma/Magma is hot molten mobile rock. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Magmas come out of active volcanoes as lavas.
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Volcanic rocks
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/volcanic-rocks/Volcanic rocks are divided into three main types: basaltic, volcaniclastic and pyroclastic.
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Tektites
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/tektites/Tektites are small, pebble-like glassy objects of Earth material that have been melted by meteorite impact, splashed up into our atmosphere, and fallen to Earth again under gravity.
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Igneous intrusions
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/Molten magma can invade the Earth's upper layers and then solidify as igneous intrusions.
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Gem deposits
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/gemstones/gem-deposits/Gem deposits are a very important group of mineral deposits, forming in a variety of geological environments and occurring in rocks of all ages from thousands of millions to recent times.
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Types of metamorphism
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/types-of-metamorphism/There are several different types of metamorphism, including dynamic, contact, regional, and retrogressive metamorphism, that form and shape rocks.
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Water and sedimentary transport
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/water-and-sedimentary-processes/Water plays a vital role in most sedimentary processes. Pure water itself has little effect on rocks. It is the dissolved gases in water, particularly carbon dioxide, that cause the chemical decay of minerals and mineral dissolution.