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Concretions, Thunder Eggs and Geodes
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/concretions-thunder-eggs-and-geodes/Concretions are compact, often rounded, accumulations of mineral matter that form inside sedimentary rocks such as shale and sandstone or in soil.
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Volcanic landforms
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/volcanic-landforms/Each type of volcanic massif (structure) contains lavas, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions, but these differ in proportions and compositions.
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Magma
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/magma/Magma is hot molten mobile rock. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Magmas come out of active volcanoes as lavas.
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Volcanic rocks
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/volcanic-rocks/Volcanic rocks are divided into three main types: basaltic, volcaniclastic and pyroclastic.
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Tektites
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/tektites/Tektites are small, pebble-like glassy objects of Earth material that have been melted by meteorite impact, splashed up into our atmosphere, and fallen to Earth again under gravity.
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Igneous intrusions
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/Molten magma can invade the Earth's upper layers and then solidify as igneous intrusions.
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Gem deposits
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/gemstones/gem-deposits/Gem deposits are a very important group of mineral deposits, forming in a variety of geological environments and occurring in rocks of all ages from thousands of millions to recent times.
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Metamorphism
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/metamorphism/The word metamorphism comes from Greek and means 'change of form'. Metamorphic rocks are pre-existing rocks whose mineral composition and/or texture has been changed by processes within the Earth.
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The Sydney Basin
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/the-sydney-basin/The Sydney Basin is a major structural basin containing a thick Permian-Triassic (290 Ma - 200 Ma (million years old)) sedimentary sequence that is part of the much larger Sydney-Gunnedah-Bowen Basin.
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Metamorphic rocks
https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/metamorphic-rocks/Metamorphic rocks form because of changes in temperature and depth of burial within the Earth in a solid state without actual melting.
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