ANIMAL SPECIES:White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)
The White Shark is one of the most famous species of shark. It is one of the few species of shark that is dangerous to humans.
Alternative Names/s
Great White Shark, White Death, White PointerIdentification
The White Shark has a torpedo-shaped body, a pointed snout and large pectoral and first dorsal fins. It has a lunate tail, black eyes and large serrated teeth. It is grey or bronze above and white below.
Size range
White Sharks can grow to at least 6 m in length and weigh 3000 kg.Distribution
White Sharks are found worldwide in temperate, coastal waters.
In Australia they have been recorded from southern Queensland to north-western Western Australia.
Distribution by collection data
Biomaps map of White Shark specimens in the Australian Museum collection.
Habitat
Worldwide in temperate, coastal waters.
Behaviour and adaptations
Feeding and Diet
Juvenile White Sharks normally eat squid and fishes such as stingrays and other sharks. As the fish matures, its diet changes. Adults eat seals, sea lions, dolphins and dead whales, although some will continue to eat fishes such as snapper. White Sharks have also been known to eat elephant seals, sea otters, turtles and sea birds.
Life cycle
Females mature at 4.5 m to 5 m in length. It is believed that a White Shark of 5 m to 6 m in length is likely to be 15 to 25 years old. However, the technique of aging sharks by examining growth rings in their vertebrae, is yet to be confirmed as accurate for this species.
Conservation Status (IUCN):
VULNERABLE (VU)
Conservation Status (Federal):
Vulnerable
Living with us
Economic/social impacts
Despite Australia's reputation as "the place to go to see White Sharks", they are uncommon. There are no reliable estimates of the number of White Sharks in Australian waters however, evidence suggests that their numbers are decreasing.
This species is now protected in all Australian states and territorial waters. The White Shark is also protected in many places around the world. South Africa was the first to protect this species in 1992, followed by Namibia, the Maldives, Florida and California and Australia. New Zealand gave the White Shark protected species status In 2007.
The White Shark is a powerful predator, which provokes fear in many people. However, this may not be entirely warranted. Scientists are only recently building up knowledge on the biology, movements and vulnerability of this species. A new research project funded by the Natural Heritage Trust, and under the leadership of J. Stevens and B. Bruce, of CSIRO Fisheries, is one such study. Visit the CSIRO site to view the page on "Neale" the tagged White Shark.
Classification
- Species:
- carcharias
- Genus:
- Carcharodon
- Family:
- Lamnidae
- Order:
- Lamniformes
- Class:
- Chondrichthyes
- Subphylum:
- Vertebrata
- Phylum:
- Chordata
- Kingdom:
- Animalia
References
- Anon. 2002. Introducing Heather & Neale. Great White Stars. Natural Heritage. Autumn. 12:16.
- Ellis, R. & J.E. McCosker. 1991. Great White Shark. Stanford University Press. Pp. 270.
- Hutchins, B. & R. Swainston. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Swainston Publishing. Pp. 180.
- Klimley, A.P. & D.G. Ainley (eds). 1996. Great White Sharks. The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Academic Press. Pp. 517.
- Last, P.R. & J.D. Stevens. 1994.Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO. Pp. 513, Pl. 1-84.
- Paxton, J.R. 2003. Shark nets in the spotlight. Nature Australia. Spring. 27 (10): 84.
- Pogonoski, J.J., Pollard, D.A.& J.R. Paxton. 2002.Conservation Overview and Action Plan for Australian Threatened and Potentially Threatened Marine and Estuarine Fishes. Environment Australia, ISBN 0 642 54786 6. [Online August 2007]
- Saïdi, B., Bradaï, M.N., Bouaïn, A., Guélorget, O. & C. Capapé. 2005. Capture of a pregnant female white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Lamnidae) in the Gulf of Gabés (southern Tunisia, central Mediterranean) with comments on oophagy in sharks. Cybium. 29(3): 303-307.
- Stevens, J.D. in Gomon, M.F., C.J.M. Glover & R.H. Kuiter (Eds). 1994. The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. State Print, Adelaide. Pp. 992.
- White Sharks. Filling the gaps in our knowledge. CSIRO fact sheet 35, May 1999, Pp. 2. White Shark Research. Neale the white shark. CSIRO Australia. [Online August 2007]
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A White Shark at the Neptune Islands View full size
Michelle Yerman
© Michelle Yerman
'Faye', a large female White Shark near the surface View full size
Michelle Yerman
© Michelle Yerman
'Faye', a large female White Shark at the Neptune Islands View full size
Michelle Yerman
© Michelle Yerman
A White Shark at Dangerous Reef View full size
Barry Bruce
© Barry Bruce
Scanning electron micrograph of the scales of a White Shark View full size
Sue Lindsay
© Australian Museum
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