ANIMAL SPECIES:Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark, Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
The Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark is named after the cookie-shaped wounds that it leaves on the bodies of larger animals. It attaches itself to its prey with its suctorial lips, and then spins to cut out a cookie-shaped plug of flesh from the larger animal.
Identification
The species has a small cigar-shaped body, a conical snout and two low, spineless dorsal fins positioned posteriorly on the body. It is dark brown dorsally, lighter below, and has a distinct dark collar around the gill region. The entire ventral surface, with the exception of the dark collar, is covered in a dense network of tiny photophores, which in life produce an even greenish glow. The genus name Isistius is derived from Isis, the Egyptian goddess of light.
This species has small, erect teeth in the upper jaw and large triangular teeth in the lower jaw. The appropriately named Largetooth Cookiecutter Shark, is the second species in the genus Isistius. The two specie can be separated by tooth numbers, colouration and fin positions.
Size range
It grows to about 50 cm in lengthDistribution
Cookiecutter Sharks are recorded from scattered localities around the world.
In Australia they have been recorded from Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia.
Distribution by collection data
Biomaps map of Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark specimens in the Australian Museum collection.
Habitat
They vertically migrate, being found in deep water, probably below 1000 m during the day, and migrating into surface waters at night.
Behaviour and adaptations
Feeding and Diet
The Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark attaches itself to its prey with its suctorial lips, and then spins to cut out a cookie-shaped plug of flesh from the larger animal.
Widder (1998) suggested that the feeding behaviour of the Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark may be even stranger than originally thought. The fish is counterilluminated - the ventral light organs making the fish appear darker above and lighter below.
The dark-pigmented collar is not illuminated, so would appear silhouetted against the light from above. The theory suggests that this dark area would look like a small fish from below, and the Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark would wait for a larger predator to attack the "small fish". As the predator is about to attack, the Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark would turn and attack the attacker. The forward motion of the larger animal may even assist the Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark in removing a plug of flesh.
In addition to plugs of flesh from larger animals, the Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark is also known to eat squid. There are even reports of this species leaving crater-marks on the sonar domes of submarines.
Living with us
Danger to humans and first aid
In their 2011 paper (see references, below), Honebrink and colleagues describe the first documented attack on a live human by a Cookiecutter Shark.
Classification
- Species:
- brasiliensis
- Genus:
- Isistius
- Family:
- Dalatiidae
- Order:
- Squaliformes
- Class:
- Chondrichthyes
- Subphylum:
- Vertebrata
- Phylum:
- Chordata
- Kingdom:
- Animalia
References
- Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4, Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes: viii, 1-250.
- Gadig, O.B.F. & U.L. Gomes. 2002. First report on embryos of Isistius brasiliensis. Journal of Fish Biology. 60: 1322-1325.
- Honebrink, R., Buch, R., Galpin, P., & G. Burgess. 2011. First Documented Attack on a Live Human by a Cookiecutter Shark (Squaliformes, Dalatiidae: Isistius sp.). Pacific Science. 65(3): 365-374.
- Last, P.R. & J.D. Stevens. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO. Pp. 513, Pl. 1-84.
- McGrouther, M.A. 1994. Cookie Cutter Capers. Muse. Australian Museum News and Events. Dec - Jan: 4,11.
- Papastamatiou Y.P., Wetherbee, B.M., O’Sullivan, J., Goodmanlowe, G.D. & C.G. Lowe. 2010. Foraging ecology of Cookiecutter Sharks (Isistius brasiliensis) on pelagic fishes in Hawaii, inferred from prey bite wounds. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 88: 361-368.
- Widder, E.A. 1998. A predatory use of counterillumination by the squaloid shark, Isistius brasiliensis. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 53: 267-273.
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Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark, Isistius brasiliensis View full size
Joshua Lambus
© Joshua Lambus
Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark swimming View full size
Joshua Lambus
© Joshua Lambus
Mouth of a Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark View full size
Stuart Humphries
© Australian Museum
X-ray image of a Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark View full size
Stuart Humphreys
© Australian Museum
Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark - anterior part of body View full size
Stuart Humphreys
© Australian Museum
A Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark caught near Lord Howe Island View full size
Stuart Humphreys
© Australian Museum
Dorsal view of a Smalltooth Cookiecutter Shark View full size
Stuart Humphreys
© Australian Museum
Cookiecutter bite on sonar dome View full size
Anonymous
© Australian Museum
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