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The Earth in its surroundings

The universe can be defined as the whole of existing things from the scale of sub-micron to outer space. The Solar System is dominated by the nine planets that orbit around the Sun, one of which is the Earth.

Structure and composition

Soon after the Earth formed, unique processes occurred, which, along with surface water, made it different from the other planets in our Solar System.

Dating the Earth

Historical records are inadequate to treat most geological processes. Instead, we need to look at the geological rock record.

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A world in motion

A world in motion

A world in motion

Plate tectonics

Plate tectonics is a large-scale process that transfers heat, water and magmas, underpinning the formation of many mineral deposits, as well as landforms.

Sedimentary processes and rocks

Sedimentary rocks form by the breakdown of pre-existing rocks of igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary origin.

Meteors, meteorites and tektites

Solid pieces of extraterrestrial debris can stray from their orbits in outer space and be captured by Earth's gravity, becoming meteorites. Tektites are small, glassy objects of Earth material that have been melted by meteorite impact.

Metamorphic processes and rocks

Metamorphic rocks are pre-existing rocks whose structure has been changed by processes within the Earth.

Geological deposits and resources

Geological ore deposits are of many different types and occur in all geological environments. They are an important part of our economy and industry.

Volcanic processes and rocks

Although volcanoes are commonly seen as being destructive they are also constructive, creating material for rocks and landforms.

Magmatic processes and igneous intrusions

Igneous rocks are formed by solidification from a molten state, usually magma, and form the basis for many landforms.

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Igneous rocks

Igneous rocks

Igneous rocks

Caves

Caves form when water containing dissolved carbon dioxide seeps into rock crevices and joints, forming cavities that can enlarge to form cave systems.

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